In men, obesity has been associated with reduced testosterone levels, altered sperm parameters, and erectile dysfunction, though the evidence for fertility improvements with weight loss is less robust and more variable
These drugs include semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus), dulaglutide (Trulicity), liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda), and tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound)though tirzepatide is actually a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist
These processes commonly result in increased bioavailability of ROS due to excess ROS formation, decreased nitric oxide (NO) levels, and impaired antioxidant capacity in the arteries, heart, brain, and kidneys (133, 134)
Tirzepatide (like Mounjaro or Zepbound) activates both GLP-1 and GIP receptors for enhanced effects, resulting in around 21% loss and often better tolerance and fewer side effects
Activation of the C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) initiates the translocation and activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1) on the IL-8 promoter, which results in the synthesis of IL-8
Effect on the gastrointestinal absorption of drugs from different classes in the biopharmaceutics classification system, when treating with liraglutide