Eur Heart J 2025
In their natural state, most cells, genes, large molecules like enzymes, and even some smaller molecules cannot pass from the bloodstream to the CNS
It has a crucial role in energy production by carrying fatty acids to mitochondria
Early-week weight loss reflects four primary mechanisms: reduced caloric intake from appetite suppression, decreased water retention as insulin levels normalize, gastric emptying changes slowing digestion, and minor glycogen depletion
GLP-1RAs inhibit RGC apoptosis in glaucoma through GABAergic signaling, but their role in AMD, characterized by oxidative stress and choroidal neovascularization, needs further investigation ( The latest diabetic retinopathy preferred practice guidelines from the American Academy of Ophthalmology indicate that the rising use of GLP-1RAs may lead to quick glycemic control and severe hypoglycemia and has been reported to cause higher rates of retinopathy complications, especially in patients with early-stage DR ( 4.2 Delivery optimization Systemic administration of GLP-1RAs reduces their availability in the retina and can lead to off-target effects, particularly gastrointestinal issues
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