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Withdrawal also causes stress, which can in turn lead to nausea and constipation

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Intercorrelation between aforementioned genera was lesser in smokeless-tobacco-consuming healthy samples

oral taxon 66 , and Actinomyces meyeri were more abundant in shammah users, while Oribacterium asaccharolyticum was more abundant in non-users

Smokers with hypertension showed reduced enrichment of beneficial taxa such as Phycisphaera and Clostridium asparagiforme , alongside altered microbial functions, highlighting the detrimental impact of smoking on gut health and its potential role in cardiovascular risk [117]

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