it is a hyperplasia, meaning an increase in the number of cells
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Creams Dermatologists often prescribe or recommend topical OTC creams that contain brightening and exfoliating ingredients such as: Kojic acid reduces melanin production Vitamin C a natural antioxidant that lightens dark spots Corticosteroids calm inflammation Glycolic acid promotes exfoliation and cell turnover Vitamin B3 (Niacinamide) evens out skin tone Salicylic acid removes dead skin cells and unclogs pores Hydroquinone blocks pigment formation (use under supervision) Licorice root extract soothes irritation and brightens skin Medical Procedures If topical creams arent enough, dermatologists may suggest professional treatments to fade stubborn dark patches, including: Chemical peels exfoliate the skin and reduce discoloration Pigmented-lesion laser therapy targets deep pigment Cryotherapy freezes and removes darkened skin cells Melasma Treatment In some cases, melasma can fade on its own, especially after pregnancy or stopping hormonal triggers, but most people benefit from targeted treatment
Ruiz et al
Future studies using varied diets are needed to determine whether the predominance of Ileibacterium in the cecal microbiome holds pathological relevance
Biologic DMARDs prevent joint damage by blocking the activation of specific immune cell types that stimulate inflammation
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 42.Richie J.P., Jr., Nichenametla S., Neidig W., Calcagnotto A., Haley J.S., Schell T.D., Muscat J.E
