Mounting evidence has identified autophagy as an important regulator of excessive inflammation
Surgery becomes more reasonable when the mechanism is clear and non-surgical treatment is not enough
e Stool examination, biopsy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ultrasonography, or computed tomography
Elevated levels of liver enzymes gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) can indicate liver damage, as can elevated serum bilirubin (a breakdown product of the red blood cell component hemoglobin normally cleared by a healthy liver)
Most research-community protocols cap on-time at 4-6 weeks with at least equal time off between cycles
For patients with GI conditions that limit absorption, the difference is especially pronounced