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S3 Effect of cigarette smoke on SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine IL-6 release at the apical side of the supernatants collected from cell cultures

E-cigarette and traditional cigarette smokers both showed significant increases in biomarkers of oxidative stress and the activation of defense mechanisms linked to lung disease

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Report the appropriate external cause code for COPD if it is caused by exposure to tobacco smoke, environmental pollutants, or other external factors

Modern nicotine salt formulations in disposable and pod-style e-cigarettes often reach 5% or more, meaning a single high-capacity device can contain a total nicotine dose equivalent to an entire pack of cigarettes (39)

17), consistent with laterally continuous, structurally controlled seismic gaps at depth