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PMID 21436999

A deficiency can erode this coating and cause neuropathy (tingling, numbness, or pain in the hands and feet)

10.1007/s12264-018-0269-8 78 WuH.WeiM.LiN.LuQ.ShresthaS

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The mechanisms most relevant to knee pain: VEGF upregulation stimulates new blood vessel formation in cartilage and connective tissue, areas that are notoriously slow to heal due to limited blood supply Nitric oxide modulation regulates inflammation and promotes vasodilation, improving blood flow to damaged tissue Collagen synthesis accelerates organized collagen deposition at repair sites instead of disorganized scar tissue Tendon-to-bone healing particularly relevant at the patella tendon and other knee attachment points Animal studies across rat, rabbit, and canine models showed consistent findings across these pathways

Whilst B12 plays a vital role in energy metabolism, supplementation does not promote fat loss in individuals with normal B12 levels